Category: Scientific News

Butyrate, the Gut Barrier, and Healthy Aging: When Microbiome Metabolites Rescue Mitochondrial Decline

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A new study led by María Mittelbrunn (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid / CBM-CSIC) suggests that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut microbes, can delay multi-organ decline and extend survival in mouse models of systemic mitochondrial dysfunction.

Mitochondria are central to metabolism and tissue maintenance. When mitochondrial function collapses, organisms often develop multisystem disease affecting muscle, kidney, metabolic control, and the nervous system. In this study, the authors created an inducible mouse model of systemic mitochondrial failure by deleting TFAM, a key factor required for mitochondrial DNA maintenance (iTfamKO mice), which developed severe multimorbidity and premature death.

One of the most striking findings is that mitochondrial decline was accompanied by a breakdown in gut homeostasis: iTfamKO mice showed intestinal barrier disruption and gut dysbiosis, along with a systemic drop in microbiota-derived metabolites.

The intervention results are what make this work particularly compelling. The authors report that restoring a healthier microbiota (via fecal microbiota transfer from healthy mice) partially restored SCFA levels and was associated with a major extension in maximum lifespan in the iTfamKO model. They then tested a more targeted approach: tributyrin, a dietary precursor of butyrate. Tributyrin supplementation increased fecal butyrate, delayed features of multimorbidity (including loss of strength and impaired glucose handling), improved kidney-related readouts, and extended median lifespan in mice.

Mechanistically, butyrate replenished epigenetic histone acylation marks that were reduced in the intestine during mitochondrial deficiency, and it partially restored gene-expression programs tied to barrier integrity and intestinal homeostasis. Together, the data frame butyrate not as a simple biomarker, but as a plausible causal mediator in a gut–mitochondria axis that influences systemic resilience.

While these findings come from mouse models of mitochondrial disease, they sharpen an idea increasingly relevant to healthy aging research: maintaining metabolic resilience may depend on preserving host–microbiota symbiosis and the metabolite signals that connect the gut to whole-body physiology.

Read the full article here

Reference: Gabandé-Rodríguez, E., Gómez de las Heras, M.M., Ramírez-Ruiz de Erenchun, P. et al. Butyrate extends health and lifespan in mice with mitochondrial deficiency. Nat Commun 17, 3909 (2026).

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Microbiome Interventions May Slow Cognitive Aging in More Than 4,200 Individuals

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Large-scale human analysis links gut microbiota modulation to improved memory and cognitive performance, opening new strategies for brain health during aging

A recent systematic review published in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews examined the relationship between gut microbiota modulation and cognitive decline in aging populations. Conducted by Elena Sandri, the study analyzed 15 clinical and interventional studies involving 4,275 participants, making it one of the most comprehensive human evaluations of microbiota-based strategies for cognitive health.

Across diverse populations, interventions targeting the gut microbiota—including probiotics, dietary modification, and fecal microbiota transplantation—were associated with measurable improvements in cognitive performance, particularly in individuals with early cognitive impairment. These effects were linked to increased microbial diversity, enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids, and reduced neuroinflammation.

The inclusion of more than 4,200 participants strengthens the clinical relevance of these findings. The analysis suggests that modifying the gut microbiome may represent a modifiable biological pathway influencing cognitive aging, rather than cognitive decline being an irreversible neurological process.

These results reinforce the growing recognition of the gut–brain axis as a central regulator of brain health. By influencing immune signaling, metabolic pathways, and neuronal communication, microbiota-targeted interventions may support memory and cognitive function during aging.

The study highlights a key perspective for future research and clinical practice: preserving cognitive health may involve targeting the gut microbiome as part of preventive and precision medicine approaches for aging populations.

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A surprising microbiome finding could reshape how we think about fertility and reproductive aging.

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A new study published in Nature Aging shows that fecal microbiota transplants from older female mice improved ovarian function and fertility in younger mice.

The research was led by Dr. Bérénice Benayoun (senior author) at the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, with Dr. Min Hoo Kim as first author.

Key findings from the study:

  •  Young mice receiving microbiota from older “estropausal” mice showed improved ovarian health markers, including hormone levels and follicle counts.
  • Reproductive outcomes improved: all mice receiving the older microbiome produced offspring.
  • Molecular analysis suggested reduced inflammation and ovarian gene expression patterns resembling younger tissue profiles. (USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology)

The findings highlight a potential two-way communication between the gut microbiome and the ovaries, raising the possibility that microbiome modulation could eventually influence fertility or reproductive aging.

Important caveat: these results are currently limited to mouse models.

During ISM 2026 we will discuss about this hot topic.

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About the image: 

The surprising findings shed light on the little-known relationship between the microbiome and the reproductive system. Greater understanding could lead to better treatment options not only for fertility but also for overall health as women age.

Copyright: USC Leonard Davis

Japan Takes Center Stage in Microbiota Innovation

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Tokyo to Host Global Summit Showcasing the Nation’s Leadership in Fermentation Science and Microbiome Medicine

Japan is reinforcing its position as a global powerhouse in microbiota research and fermentation science, as the country prepares to host the First Conjoint Meeting ISM–RIKEN – Targeting Microbiota this October in Tokyo.

Long recognized for its centuries-old Fermentation Traditions and groundbreaking advances in gut-related health sciences, Japan has become a trailblazer in the therapeutic application of microbiome knowledge. Its unique integration of ancestral fermentation practices with cutting-edge microbiome technologies has positioned it at the forefront of personalized nutrition, microbial diagnostics, and next-generation therapeutics.

Japan has been a pioneer in microbiota research, with its leadership rooted in a rich cultural and scientific heritage. For over a century, Japan has excelled in the study of fermentation processes, probiotics, and their profound impacts on human health and well-being. Traditional practices, such as the production of miso, natto, and sake, have served as the foundation for modern microbiota research, offering unique insights into the role of beneficial microbes in maintaining health and longevity. Japanese researchers have consistently been at the forefront of discovering and applying microbial strains to enhance gut health, develop innovative therapies, and address global health challenges.

The upcoming ISM–RIKEN meeting will serve as a strategic global platform to spotlight Japan’s leadership in this field. The agenda includes pioneering research on the gut–brain, gut–immune, and gut–skin axes, as well as sessions on fermented functional foods, autoimmunity, aging, longevity, and clinical microbiome innovation.

“Japan has a long and profound relationship with microbial ecosystems—both scientifically and culturally. Hosting this meeting at RIKEN is not only an honor but a recognition of Japan’s role as a bridge between tradition and biomedical innovation,” said Dr. Hiroshi Ohno, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, President of the Local Organizing Committee.

“Japan’s approach is a rare blend of deep-rooted cultural knowledge and scientific precision,” added Dr. Marvin Edeas, founder of the International Society of Microbiota. “The country is setting the gold standard for how microbial ecosystems can be understood and leveraged for human health.”

Attendees from academia, industry, and healthcare sectors will gather to explore new data, share breakthroughs, and foster collaborations. 

Market Giants Join Forces to Shape the Future of Microbiome Science

With the backing of major Japanese health and nutrition companies—Yakult, Meiji, Morinaga, and Glico—the event is expected to generate actionable insight and catalyze new waves of microbiome-based therapies worldwide.

Event: First Conjoint Meeting ISM–RIKEN – Targeting Microbiota
Location: RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
Dates: October 8–9, 2025
More info: http://tokyo.microbiota-ism.com

Good Bacteria on Our Skin May Help Protect Us from Sun Damage

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A new study published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology shows that some of the bacteria naturally living on our skin can help protect us from the harmful effects of sunlight.
 
  • What Did Scientists Discover?
When our skin is exposed to UVB rays from the sun, it produces a molecule called cis-urocanic acid, which can suppress our skin’s immune response. This means it can weaken our skin’s ability to defend itself. But researchers found that certain skin bacteria—those that produce an enzyme called urocanase—can break down this molecule. In doing so, they reduce its negative effects and help the skin maintain a healthier immune balance.
 
  • How Did They Test This?
The scientists used lab-grown bacteria, immune tests, and special mice to confirm that:
– These “good” bacteria really do change the way skin responds to UV.
– Removing or changing these microbes affects how well the skin defends itself.
 
  • What Experts Say
•Dr. VijayKumar Patra, lead author of the study, said: “We were amazed to see that bacteria on the skin can help manage how sunlight affects our immune system.”
•Dr. Peter Wolf, another senior researcher, added: “This could lead to new types of sun protection—ones that support healthy skin bacteria instead of just blocking sunlight.”
 
  • Why It Matters
This discovery could lead to:
– Smarter sunscreens that support or include beneficial bacteria.
– Better skin treatments for diseases like eczema or psoriasis that use UV light therapy.
– New ways to protect against skin cancer by boosting the skin’s natural defenses.
 
  •  Reference

The Microbiome Revolution: Personalized Therapies for a Healthier Future

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The human microbiome is a critical component of overall health, influencing digestion, immunity, and even mental well-being. Advances in research have highlighted the importance of maintaining microbial diversity and developing targeted therapies to restore balance. With the increasing concern over antibiotic resistance and chronic diseases linked to microbiome disruption, scientists are exploring innovative strategies, including microbial therapeutics and personalized interventions.

Key Points of this review :

  • Microbial Therapeutics as a Health Strategy
    The use of probiotics, prebiotics, and other advanced microbial treatments offers a promising alternative to conventional medical approaches. These therapies aim to restore beneficial bacteria, enhance gut health, and improve immune function.

  • Microbiome Homeostasis and Disease Prevention
    A well-balanced microbiome is essential for preventing infections, reducing inflammation, and lowering the risk of metabolic disorders. Disruptions due to poor diet, stress, or antibiotics can lead to long-term health issues.

  • Rewilding the Human Microbiome
    The reviewers of this paper propose reintroducing beneficial microbes that have been lost due to modern lifestyles. Studies on nonindustrialized societies suggest that a richer microbial environment may protect against autoimmune diseases and allergies.

  • Personalized Microbiome Modulation
    Emerging research emphasizes tailoring microbiome interventions to individual profiles. Advances in sequencing technologies and artificial intelligence are paving the way for precision medicine, allowing for customized treatments based on genetic and microbial composition.

Conclusion:
As research continues to uncover the profound impact of the microbiome on health, strategic interventions using microbial therapeutics, rewilding approaches, and personalized treatments are becoming key areas of focus. By harnessing these strategies, healthcare can move toward a more preventative, holistic approach, improving overall well-being and reducing the burden of chronic diseases.

All these topics will be discussed during Targeting Microbiota 2025 wich will be held in Valencia and Tokyo Microbiota 2025. 

Reference : Brendan A. Daisley, Emma Allen-Vercoe, 2024

Altered Gut Microbiota, Reduced Butyrate, and Increased Gray Matter Free Water in Alzheimer’s and MCI Patients

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A study published in Neurobiology of Disease () investigated the link between neuroinflammation, gut microbiota changes, and butyrate depletion in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Neuroinflammation plays a key role in AD progression, and free water (FW) imaging, which measures extracellular water content, serves as a marker for this process. Meanwhile, gut microbiota alterations, particularly the decline of butyrate-producing bacteria, have been implicated in neurodegeneration.
 
Methods & Key Findings
 
  • Study Population: 56 participants (19 cognitively normal controls, 19 MCI, 18 AD).
  • Higher FW Levels in AD/MCI: Increased FW in gray and white matter, especially in frontal, temporal, limbic, and paralimbic regions, correlated with worse cognitive function.
  • Gut Dysbiosis & Butyrate Reduction: FW levels were negatively correlated with the decline of butyrate-producing bacteria (Anaerostipes, Lachnospiraceae UCG-004, [Ruminococcus] gnavus).
This study highlights a potential gut-brain axis in AD, where neuroinflammation (measured by FW) is linked to gut dysbiosis and reduced butyrate producers. The findings suggest that targeting the gut microbiota, possibly through dietary or probiotic interventions, could be a strategy to mitigate neuroinflammation in AD and MCI.
 

Brewing Gut Health How Coffee Consumption Shapes the Microbiome and Boosts Beneficial Bacteria

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A recent study published in Nature Microbiology explores the relationship between coffee consumption and the human gut microbiome. Researchers found a significant association between coffee intake and the presence of Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus, a bacterial species recently isolated from the human intestine (Nature Microbiology, 2024).

Key Findings

  • Association with Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus: Higher coffee consumption correlates with increased levels of this specific gut bacterium.
  • Microbiome diversity: Regular coffee drinkers exhibit greater gut microbial diversity compared to non-drinkers.
  • Potential health implications: The presence of L. asaccharolyticus may influence metabolic processes and overall gut health, though further research is needed to understand the mechanisms involved.

These findings suggest that coffee consumption may positively influence gut microbiome composition, particularly by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus. Notably, L. asaccharolyticus has been identified as a butyrate-producing bacterium (Sakamoto et al., 2018). Butyrate plays a crucial role in gut health by serving as an energy source for colonocytes, enhancing intestinal barrier function, and exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the increased abundance of this bacterium linked to coffee consumption may have broader beneficial effects on gut physiology.

Article DOI.

Barley and Natto Consumption Linked to Beneficial Gut Bacteria in Non-Obese Individuals

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A recent study led by Jun Kunisawa from the National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Japan, explores the relationship between high barley consumption, natto intake, and gut microbiota composition in non-obese individuals. Barley, rich in β-glucan, is known for its potential role in obesity prevention. Since dietary fiber is metabolized by gut microbiota, researchers investigated the microbial profile of individuals with high barley intake.

Analyzing data from 185 participants enrolled in “The cohort study on barley and the intestinal environment (UMIN000033479),” the study examined physical health, blood markers, dietary habits, and gut microbiome composition. Participants were categorized based on their barley consumption levels, identifying non-obese individuals with high intake as responders and those with obesity as non-responders.

Findings revealed that barley responders consumed more natto, a fermented soybean product, compared to non-responders. Gut microbiome analysis showed that Butyricicoccus and Subdoligranulum were more abundant in responders even after adjusting for confounding factors. Bacillus subtilis, found in natto, plays a role in glycolysis, while Butyricicoccus and Subdoligranulum contribute to butyrate production, which supports gut health.

These results suggest a connection between dietary fiber intake, fermented food consumption, and gut microbiota composition. The presence of butyrate-producing bacteria in barley responders may enhance fiber metabolism and influence gut health, providing new insights into the potential health benefits of dietary choices. Further research is needed to explore the broader implications of these findings.

Article DOI.

Image Credits: Freepik.com

The Hidden Architects of the Gut: Phage-Bacteria Dynamics in Early Childhood Development

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The Hidden Architects of the Gut Phage Bacteria Dynamics in Early Childhood Development

A schematic of factors potentially accounting for high virus (phage) turnover in human guts.

This study explores the dynamic relationship between bacteriophages (phages) and bacteria in the gut microbiome of infants and young children during their early years. Using metagenomic sequencing data from over 12,000 stool samples collected as part of the Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) project, the researchers uncovered how phages and bacteria interact and evolve. Phages, described as the “hidden architects” of the gut ecosystem, exhibit faster turnover and greater transience than bacteria while accumulating diversity over time.

The analysis revealed structured ecological succession in the microbiome, with microbial communities transitioning through distinct phases as children age. It was found that children who later developed type 1 diabetes showed slower changes in their microbial community during their second year of life. By employing the novel bioinformatics tool Marker-MAGu, the study enabled simultaneous profiling of phages and bacteria, revealing a deeper understanding of their co-evolution. Phage profiling also improved the ability to geographically distinguish microbiomes, underscoring their role in shaping microbial ecosystems.

These findings highlight the crucial yet underappreciated role of phages in gut microbiota development and their potential influence on immune system maturation and disease risk. This work not only provides valuable insights into the early-life gut microbiome but also paves the way for phage-based therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.

Figure Description: Since phage often put negative selective pressure on their hosts, these bacteria may evolve evasive mutations in receptor-related genes or other entry factors. Relatedly, some bacteria can conduct phase variation, reversibly altering their surface molecules. Bacteria may also acquire phage-specific CRISPR spacers to fend off deleterious phage or acquire entirely new phage defence systems via horizontal gene transfer. Phage, on the other hand, will sometimes, but not always overcome these new defences via mutation of their own genes. In our study, we are unable to detect bacterial strain switching, in which a new strain of the same bacteria interlopes and outcompetes an existing strain. Strain switching will cause some or all of the bacteria-specific phage to be lost from the gut due to different receptors and defence systems, but it will provide opportunities for new phages. Finally, if a bacterial host becomes extinct, so will its obligate parasite phage, so phages are not expected to persist in the gut for long periods after elimination of its host.

Image Source: Tisza, M.J., Lloyd, R.E., Hoffman, K. et al. Nat Microbiol (2025)

Article DOI.